name	DEAL
designers	Lars Knudsen
publish date	1998
derived from	DES
related to	Ladder-DES
key size	128, 192 or 256 bits
block size	128 bits
structure	Nested Feistel network
rounds	6 (128- and 192-bit key) or 8 (256-bit key)
cryptanalysis	}}

In cryptography, DEAL (Data Encryption Algorithm with Larger blocks) is a block cipher derived from the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The design was proposed in a report by Lars Knudsen in 1998, and was submitted to the AES contest by Richard Outerbridge (who notes that Knudsen had presented the design at the SAC conference in 1997).

DEAL is a Feistel network which uses DES as the round function. It has a 128-bit block size and a variable key size of either 128, 192, or 256 bits. For key sizes of 128 and 192 bits, the cipher uses 6 rounds, increasing to 8 for the 256-bits size. The scheme has a comparable performance to Triple DES, and was relatively slow compared to many other AES candidates.

See also

Ladder-DES

Luby-Rackoff

External links

The original DEAL report

SCAN's entry for DEAL

AES presentation slides (PDF)

References

Stefan Lucks: On Security of the 128-Bit Block Cipher DEAL. Fast Software Encryption 1999: 60–70

Category:Data Encryption Standard Category:Feistel ciphers

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Flying Pigeon (; Pinyin: ''fēigē'') is a Chinese bicycle company based in Tianjin, a direct-controlled municipality, in Northeastern China. With some 500 million units made, the Flying Pigeon is the most popular vehicle ever.

Origins

In 1936, a Japanese businessman built a factory in Tianjin which was named “Changho Works” and started to make “Anchor” bicycles. The brand name was changed to “Victory”, and then renamed to “Zhongzi”. After the Communists led by Mao Zedong came to power in 1949, the bicycle industry was revived. In April 1949, Chairman Mao's heir apparent, vice president Liu Shaoqi paid a visit to the factory and commanded that it become the first bicycle manufacturer in New China. Their workers were tasked to build a generation of strong, durable, light and beautiful bicycle for New China. On July 5, 1950, the first Flying Pigeon bicycle was produced. It was the brainchild of a worker named Huo Baoji. The name chosen to represent the most prominent bicycle trademark was an expression for peace amidst the raging war in Korea. The current logo is a stylized dove which represents concord and harmony, resting on the initials FP. Previous logos also depicted the dove, or doves, in flight.

Flying Pigeon: China's bicycle since 1950

The Flying Pigeon is the bike that has pushed forward not only millions of people, but also is at the forefront of the whole bicycle phenomenon in the People’s Republic of China. In 1950 revolutionary China the two-wheeled vehicle was the approved form of transport, and the nation became ''zixingche wang guo'', the Kingdom of Bicycles. A bicycle was one of the three "must-haves“ of every citizen, alongside a sewing machine and watch - essential items in life that also offered a hint of wealth in those dour times. In Maoist China, the famed Flying Pigeon bicycle was a symbol of an egalitarian social system that promised little comfort but a reliable ride through life. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the logo became synonymous with almost all bicycles in the country. The Flying Pigeon was the single most popular mechanized vehicle on the planet, becoming so ubiquitous that Deng Xiaoping — the post-Mao leader who launched China's economic reforms in the 1970s — defined prosperity as "a Flying Pigeon in every household”. In the early 1980s, Flying Pigeon was the country's biggest bike builder, and its 20-kilo black single-speed models were the pride of workers nationwide. There was a multi year waiting list to get one, and even then you needed good guanxi, or connections — not to mention about four months' wages for most workers.

Company

The Flying Pigeon's current building was built in 1998. It employs 600 workers who produce the bikes, using modern automated equipment. Flying Pigeon now makes 40 models of bicycles, most of which look like modern mountain or city bikes, in dozens of colors. The frames are welded piecemeal; wheels are built on an assembly line, with spokes first laced to hubs, then threaded to rims. Workers hand-spray rough welds with coatings of enamel; the bikes move on conveyors similar those of a dry cleaner's.

Despite declining domestic sales, the Flying Pigeon remains China's bike, if only because much of the brand's old rolling stock is still in service. The government estimates that a half-billion bikes are in use throughout China, many handed down through generations. The Pigeon is one of the few nostalgia-inducing artifacts of China's postrevolutionary era, which was darkened by the Cultural Revolution and intense poverty. In 1994, the government named it a "national key trademark brand under protection," enshrining it similarly to national treasures.

Flying Pigeon: honours

In 1954, Flying Pigeon bicycles took first place honors in the first Chinese national quality evaluation. In following comparisons and appraisals of Chinese bicycle quality, Flying Pigeon bicycles received such prizes and honors as the National Silver Medal, the Golden Prize of Light Industry Series Products (at an international exposition), the Best-selling Domestic Product Prize, and the National Best Post-sale Service Prize. In April 1994, Flying Pigeon was listed as the "National Key Trademark Brand under Protection" by the Chinese National Administration Bureau of Industry and Commerce. The company has also passed the ISO 9001 international certification. Flying Pigeon bicycles have been presented by the Chinese government as a national gift to American President Bush, Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi, and Cuban President Fidel Castro, among others.

Advertising

The company does not advertise its traditional bicycles such as the PA-02 as the brand is so infused in Chinese society and culture. There are, however, localized advertising campaigns.

Traditional models

The classic Flying Pigeon bicycles are the PA-02 and PA-06 (men's) and PB-13 (women's). These are one of the most iconic symbols of old China (the sturdy, single speed black roadster bicycle ridden by the masses).

They are simple, conceived of as a working machine meant to last a lifetime. They are strong, all-steel single speed with 28-inch wheels, fenders, fully covered chain, sprung leather saddle, rear rack and rod brakes (a handlebar lever connects directly to the brake pads), double stand (PA02 and PA06) or side stand (PB13). Like the Ford Model T, they are only available in one colour, black, except for the flare of vanilla at the fender tips. They can be equipped with a dynamo lighting set.

The PA-02

The classic Flying Pigeon bicycle is the PA-02, a rugged, single-speed with 28-inch wheels, mudguards(fenders), a fully enclosed chain case, a rear rack and rod-actuated brakes. The typically available color is black, however other colors are available such dark green which is used by China Post, red, which is used by Chinese municipal fire departments, yellow, orange and blue which are used by various businesses. Most models are pinstriped.

For most of the Communist era, the price of a Flying Pigeon was 150 yuan, about two months' salary, with a waiting list that stretched into years. There's an apocryphal story that a farmer once offered to trade his entire crop to speed up delivery of his Pigeon.

Today, the PA-02 fetches about 240 yuan, the equivalent of $36 USD. The Tianjin factory produces about 800,000 bikes yearly.

The PA-06

The PA-06 model is distinguished by the use of a double top-tube. It is also the only model also manufactured in the larger 24 inch frame size (The PA-02 and PB-13 are only available in 22 inch frame size). This feature is often cited as being designed to carry pigs, but there is little factual basis for this claim. Double top-tubes are often used to stiffen larger frames in order to reduce "frame-whip" (lateral torsion).

The PB-13

The PB-13 is the ladies' version of the classic Flying Pigeon, using a step-through style frame, similar to a Dutch ''Omafiets''.

Specifications

These specifications are standard to all 3 models, except where otherwise noted. 28 x 1- inch (ISO 635) wheels, 32 spokes in front, 40 spokes in the rear, Westwood rims.

Rear hub 120mm OLD, front hub 100mm OLD

Chain wheel 42 teeth, sprocket 20 teeth

frame size (PA-06 also available in )

Single-speed gearing of 58.8 gear inches

References

External links

Chinese and English.

The Flying Pigeon Project-A Flying Pigeon enthusiast blog

Flight of the Pigeon article from bicycle magazine

A Phoenix Named Flying Pigeon article from Business Week

Category:Cycle manufacturers Category:Government-owned companies of the People's Republic of China Category:Companies based in Tianjin Category:Companies established in 1950 Category:1950 establishments in China

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